0:00 The firebombing of Tokyo on March ninth, 1945, was the single deadliest air raid in history, killing more people and burning a larger area than either of the atomic bombings that followed.0:12 It’s a detail that gets lost.0:14 Last week we wrestled with the French Revolution, asking if the outcome was worth the cost, and today we’re asking an even harder version of that same question about what happened five months after that Tokyo raid.0:29 We are.0:29 On August sixth and ninth, 1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.0:36 It ended the Second World War.0:38 The debate that started a minute later has never stopped: was it necessary?0:43 I think we have to start with the grim reality facing President Truman.0:48 The war in Europe was over, but Japan was refusing to surrender unconditionally.0:53 They were training civilians, women and children, with bamboo spears to repel an American invasion.1:00 They were.1:01 But let's be clear about what was happening.1:04 The planned invasion, Operation Downfall, was projected to cause up to a million American casualties and many millions more Japanese.1:13 So the choice wasn't between peace and the bomb.1:16 It was between the bomb...1:18 and a land invasion that would have been exponentially bloodier for BOTH sides.1:23 I hear you, but that frames it as a binary choice that just wasn't there.1:28 Japan was defeated and they knew it.1:31 In July 1945, before the bombs, they were making diplomatic overtures to the Allies through the Soviet Union, trying to negotiate a surrender.1:41 But they weren't offering an UNCONDITIONAL surrender.1:44 That's the key.1:45 The military hardliners were still in power.1:48 They wanted to keep their system, keep their emperor's divine status untouched.1:54 The Potsdam Declaration demanded unconditional surrender, and they rejected it.1:59 The bomb was the shock that broke that political stalemate.2:03 A shock?2:04 It was the incineration of over one hundred thousand civilians.2:08 And okay, let’s grant your point for a second — that Hiroshima was that terrible, necessary shock.2:14 How do you justify Nagasaki, just three days later?2:18 They hadn't even had time to fully comprehend what happened, let alone meet to formally surrender.2:25 Because one bomb could be a fluke.2:27 A scientific marvel they couldn't repeat.2:30 Two bombs...2:31 two bombs says we have a production line.2:33 It says we can do this to every city in Japan if we have to.2:37 It was the only way to prove this wasn't a one-off stunt.2:41 It forced the Emperor's hand.2:43 Or — and here’s the part that I think we ignore — it was the opening shot of the Cold War.2:49 We knew the Soviets were about to invade Manchuria.2:53 Dropping the bombs, especially the second one, was a demonstration of power aimed not just at Tokyo, but squarely at Joseph Stalin in Moscow.3:03 We used it to manage the post-war world before the war was even over.3:07 That's a very cynical reading.3:09 The primary goal was ending the war and saving American lives.3:14 Any message to Stalin was a secondary benefit, maybe.3:17 Not the driving reason.3:19 Was it?3:19 The Manhattan Project director, Leslie Groves, admitted the real target was Russia.3:25 We ushered in the nuclear age and the doctrine of mutually assured destruction, which we've lived under for eighty years, to maybe...3:34 maybe shorten the war by a few weeks.3:36 Alright, I'll give you that the geopolitical angle with the Soviets is impossible to ignore.3:43 It was a factor.3:44 But you're understating the Japanese refusal to quit.3:47 The conventional bombing, like that Tokyo raid, hadn't broken them.3:52 They were prepared to sacrifice millions.3:55 The bomb was a weapon that was psychologically different.3:59 It felt like the wrath of a god.4:01 And now humanity has that power.4:03 That's the legacy.4:04 We created a weapon so terrible that its supporters have to argue it was a tool for peace, and its critics see it as the beginning of a countdown to annihilation.4:15 Yeah.4:16 I mean, after the fact, some argue the bomb created the "Long Peace" — that deterrence, the fear of what comes next, prevented World War Three.4:25 It’s a profoundly uncomfortable thought.4:28 It is.4:29 Because it suggests that the only way to prevent mass death was to commit an act of mass death.4:35 That to achieve peace, we had to unleash the most terrifying weapon ever conceived, not once, but twice.4:42 And that forces the real question, doesn't it?4:45 Not just about 1945, but about now.4:48 Is a peace built on the threat of total annihilation truly peace at all?
