0:00 The first known stapler was made in the eighteenth century for King Louis the Fifteenth of France.0:07 Last week, we talked about the ballpoint pen, and how that simple object was born from a very specific need to mark leather.0:17 But the stapler...0:18 the stapler begins not with industry, but with royalty, with staples made of gold, bearing the king's personal seal, used to bind the decrees of an absolute monarch.0:31 We think of the stapler as this mundane, democratic little machine that sits on every desk.0:38 But that's not where it started.0:41 It started as an instrument of power.0:44 An object of pure, bespoke luxury.0:46 And for a hundred and fifty years, that’s all it was.0:50 An idea.0:51 A one-off.0:52 The world of paper remained a world of pins, and wax seals, and ribbons, and string.0:58 Because the problem wasn't just fastening paper together.1:03 The problem was doing it efficiently, cheaply, and on a massive scale.1:08 And that...1:09 that took a while.1:10 The story we know really begins after the American Civil War.1:15 In 1867, a man named George McGill gets a patent for a small, brass device that can press a single, pre-formed staple through a few sheets of paper.1:27 He showed it off at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia.1:32 And it was a beast.1:33 It weighed over two and a half pounds, and it could only insert one...1:39 single...1:40 staple at a time.1:41 You had to load each one individually.1:44 It wasn't a stapler as we'd recognize it.1:47 It was a staple press.1:49 But it was the first commercially successful device of its kind.1:54 Then, just a year later, in 1877, Henry R.1:57 Heyl patents a machine that can both drive AND clinch the staple in one motion.2:03 This is a huge step.2:05 The mechanism we all know—the little metal tongue that pushes the staple down, the anvil base with two curved grooves that fold the staple's legs inward—that core action is born right there.2:20 But these machines were still...2:22 clumsy.2:23 They were industrial.2:24 Take the Hotchkiss stapler, from the 1890s.2:28 It introduced a strip of staples, wired together, which was a big improvement over loading them one by one.2:36 But it required a serious amount of force.2:39 Some models literally needed to be struck with a hammer to drive a staple through a thick stack of paper.2:47 In fact, in Japan, to this day, all staplers are just called a "hotchkiss." It was the first one they imported, and the name stuck.2:58 So for decades, stapling was an act of brute force.3:02 It worked, but it wasn't elegant.3:04 It wasn't easy.3:05 It wasn't something you'd just casually do.3:09 It was a task.3:10 I’ve been sitting with this progression for a few days.3:14 The move from a king's luxury item to a heavy, forceful, industrial tool.3:20 And the more I think about it, the more it reminds me of another history.3:26 The history of personal timekeeping.3:28 Think about it.3:29 Clocks start as these enormous, public mechanisms in town squares.3:35 Then, they shrink into ornate, incredibly expensive mantel clocks for the aristocracy.3:41 The first "personal" timepieces.3:44 Then you get the first pocket watches—clunky, wildly inaccurate, but portable.3:50 They do the job, but imperfectly.3:52 They require effort.3:54 The stapler follows the exact same path.3:57 It starts as a royal luxury.3:59 It becomes a heavy, industrial tool for the office—the equivalent of that early, inaccurate pocket watch.4:08 It works, but it's not seamless.4:10 The problem, for both the watch and the stapler, wasn't the core concept.4:16 It was the user experience.4:18 It was the last mile of design that makes something go from a specialist tool to an everyday object.4:26 For the watch, the breakthrough was the Swiss lever escapement—a tiny, brilliant mechanism that made timekeeping reliable and cheap enough for a wristwatch.4:38 For the stapler, the breakthrough came in 1937.4:41 From a company named Swingline.4:44 They invented the open-channel stapler.4:47 The top of the stapler lifts up on a hinge, revealing an open track—a magazine—where you can just drop in a full strip of staples.4:57 That’s it.4:58 That’s the invention.4:59 It sounds so simple now because we’ve never known anything else.5:04 But that single design choice—that easy-loading channel—is the stapler's lever escapement.5:11 It's the moment the device stopped being a machine you had to wrestle with and became an extension of your hand.5:20 It made the stapler effortless.5:23 And because of that, the design has barely changed in almost ninety years.5:28 The stapler on your desk right now is, mechanically, the same device from 1937.5:35 It was a nearly perfect solution.5:37 And the science of it is so beautifully simple.5:41 All it is is a class-three lever.5:43 You press down, and the force is multiplied at the point where a small metal plate, the driver, pushes down on the first staple in the strip.5:54 The staple itself is just a piece of wire, usually steel, bent into a U-shape.6:00 As the driver pushes it, its two sharp legs puncture the paper.6:05 And when they hit the base—the anvil—those two little curved indentations guide the legs, folding them inward to clinch the pages together.6:16 That satisfying thunk-crunch.6:18 That’s it.6:19 A lever, a sharp wire, and a folded piece of metal.6:23 A solved problem.6:25 Once that core design was locked in by Swingline, the form exploded.6:30 The stapler had been perfected, so now it could specialize.6:34 You get the "four-way" stapler in 1941, which could be opened up flat to tack papers onto a bulletin board, like a tiny staple gun.6:45 You get plier staplers, for florists or dry cleaners who need to fasten tags without a flat surface.6:52 You get saddle staplers with that V-shaped base, designed specifically to staple along the fold of a booklet.7:01 And of course, you get electric staplers for mailrooms, and heavy-duty staple guns for construction and upholstery—devices that trade finesse for immense power, driving thick staples into wood and fabric.7:17 Each one is just a slight variation on that same 1937 theme.7:22 A perfect design, adapted for a new context.7:25 So, this is where the retrospective gets tricky.7:29 We have this analogy—the stapler is like the wristwatch.7:33 A personal, mechanical solution to a fundamental problem of organization.7:39 Both had a similar arc of development, from elite luxury to mass-market ubiquity.7:45 But this is also where the analogy starts to break down.7:49 The wristwatch was challenged by a direct technological successor: the quartz watch, and then the smartphone.7:58 The new technology did the exact same job—telling time—but better, or cheaper, or with more features.8:06 The threat was replacement.8:08 The threat to the stapler is different.8:11 It's not a better stapler.8:13 It’s the disappearance of the thing it staples.8:17 The threat is the digital document.8:19 The PDF.8:20 The cloud.8:21 The threat is obsolescence of the entire category.8:25 And yet.8:25 It’s not gone.8:26 Not even close.8:28 In 2012, people in the United States alone bought eighty million dollars worth of staplers.8:35 Eighty million.8:36 We live in a digital world, but we are still profoundly physical beings.8:41 We still print things out.8:43 We still need to hold a report in our hands.8:47 We still need to organize a stack of receipts.8:51 The paperless office has been promised for fifty years, and it’s still not here.8:57 Not really.8:58 And I think there's something else, too.9:01 Something cultural.9:02 There’s a reason that in the movie Office Space, the symbol of the character Milton's quiet desperation is his red Swingline stapler.9:13 The company didn't even make a red stapler at the time; the film’s prop department painted one.9:20 But after the movie became a cult classic, the demand from fans was so high that Swingline started mass-producing the red model.9:30 People wanted to own that specific object.9:33 Why?9:34 Because the stapler represents a tiny moment of control.9:38 A small, definitive, physical act in a world of amorphous digital work.9:43 You can't hold an email.9:45 You can't stack a website.9:47 But you can take a messy pile of paper, and with one, single, satisfying action—thunk—you can impose order on it.9:56 You can make it a single, coherent object.9:59 It’s a feeling of completion that a digital folder just can't replicate.10:05 So, looking back, the invention wasn't just about binding paper.10:10 It was about creating a new kind of physical certainty.10:14 The story starts with a king wanting to bind his decrees, to make his word solid and final.10:21 And in a way, that’s what we’re all doing with it.10:25 Taking these loose, floating ideas printed on flimsy sheets, and with a single, simple piece of bent wire, making them into something real.10:36 Something that holds together.
