0:00 There are over one-point-four million kilometers of submarine communications cables currently sitting on the ocean floor.0:09 Enough to circle the Earth more than thirty times.0:12 And that’s just the ones for data.0:15 That doesn't even count the power lines.0:18 You know, this has a familiar ring to it.0:21 Last week, with the shipping container, you made this point about the humble box quietly taking over the world because nobody was really watching it.0:32 This feels like the same story, just… thinner.0:36 It's the exact same pattern.0:38 An unglamorous, standardized piece of infrastructure that becomes the secret foundation for everything else.0:46 The world doesn't run on brilliant ideas alone.0:50 It runs on copper, and now, glass.0:52 So take me back.0:53 Where does this web even begin?0:56 It starts with a single message.0:58 A dot and a dash.0:59 The telegraph.1:00 Before Samuel Morse, information moved at the speed of a horse or a ship.1:06 Suddenly, with the first commercial line in 1844, a message could cross a continent in minutes.1:13 But that’s overland.1:15 The oceans are the real barrier.1:17 Right.1:18 And that’s the next leap.1:19 The first attempt at a transatlantic cable was in 1858.1:24 It was this massive, heroic, and almost comically disastrous effort.1:29 It worked for about three weeks, carrying a message from Queen Victoria to President Buchanan, and then it just… died.1:38 The signal faded.1:39 So not a great start.1:40 A terrible start.1:42 But the idea was too powerful to abandon.1:45 They tried again, with better insulation, better ships, and by 1866, they had a stable connection.1:52 And that, right there, is the birth of the globalized world.1:57 Not in a treaty, but in a gutta-percha-coated copper wire on the bottom of the Atlantic.2:03 Okay, so that's information.2:06 But the other side of this is power, right?2:09 Electricity.2:10 Mm-hm.2:10 And that's where the network becomes not just global, but local.2:15 Block by block.2:16 It’s the late 1800s, you have Edison and his direct current, DC, which was fine for dense city blocks but couldn't travel far.2:26 And then Tesla comes in.2:27 And then Tesla and Westinghouse come in with alternating current, AC, which could be sent hundreds of miles with minimal loss.2:37 That "war of the currents" wasn't just about two inventors.2:41 It was about what kind of society we were going to build.2:46 Was electricity going to be a luxury for a few city blocks, or the bedrock of an entire industrial nation?2:54 AC won, and the grid was born.2:56 AC won, and we started wrapping the continents in a copper web.3:01 Every factory, every home, every streetlamp, tethered to a generator somewhere far away.3:07 Like the telegraph cables, it’s a system that succeeds by becoming invisible.3:13 You just expect the light to turn on.3:16 You don't think about the thousands of miles of wire that make it possible.3:22 So the parallel to the shipping container holds.3:25 Both are about standardization creating a network effect.3:29 A standard box, a standard plug, a standard voltage.3:33 It holds almost perfectly.3:35 But here's the turn.3:37 A shipping container just holds things.3:40 It’s a passive vessel.3:41 A wire is an active medium.3:44 It carries the thing itself—the electron, the photon.3:48 It doesn't just enable the system; in a way, it IS the system.3:52 I see.3:53 The container moves the goods, but the fiber-optic cable is the internet.3:58 Exactly.3:59 And the most remarkable part of this whole story is that after two hundred years of obsessively wiring the planet… our biggest ambition now is to get rid of the wires.4:11 Wi-Fi, 5G… the wireless world.4:14 The wireless world.4:15 But it’s an illusion.4:17 Every Wi-Fi router plugs into a wall.4:19 Every cell tower is connected by a massive fiber-optic cable.4:24 The success of "wireless" is built entirely on the triumph of the wired network we’ve spent centuries laying down.4:33 The final trick of an invisible infrastructure is making you believe it isn't there at all.
